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The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: Design, Upgrade, and Production
Publicated to:Electronics. 13 (11): 2044- - 2024-06-01 13(11), DOI: 10.3390/electronics13112044
Authors: Aiello, Sebastiano; Albert, Arnauld; Alves Garre, Sergio; Aly, Zineb; Ambrosone, Antonio; Ameli, Fabrizio; Andre, Michel; Androutsou, Eleni; Anguita, Mancia; Aphecetche, Laurent; Ardid, Miguel; Ardid, Salva; Atmani, Hicham; Aublin, Julien; Badaracco, Francesca; Bailly-Salins, Louis; Bardacova, Zuzana; Baret, Bruny; Bariego, Adriana; Du Pree, Suzan Basegmez; Becherini, Yvonne; Bendahman, Meriem; Benfenati, Francesco; Benhassi, Marouane; Benoit, David M; Berbee, Edward; Bertin, Vincent; Biagi, Simone; Boettcher, Markus; Bonanno, Danilo; Boumaaza, Jihad; Bouta, Mohammed; Bouwhuis, Mieke; Bozza, Cristiano; Bozza, Riccardo Maria; Branzas, Horea; Bretaudeau, Felix; Bruijn, Ronald; Brunner, Jurgen; Bruno, Riccardo; Buis, Ernst Jan; Buompane, Raffaele; Busto, Jose; Caiffi, Barbara; Calvo, David; Campion, Stefano; Capone, Antonio; Carenini, Francesco; Carretero, Victor; Cartraud, Theophile; Castaldi, Paolo; Cecchini, Vincent; Celli, Silvia; Cerisy, Luc; Chabab, Mohamed; Chadolias, Michael; Champion, Cedric; Chen, Andrew; Cherubini, Silvio; Chiarusi, Tommaso; Circella, Marco; Cocimano, Rosanna; Coelho, Joo; Coleiro, Alexis; Colonges, Stephane; Coniglione, Rosa; Coyle, Paschal; Creusot, Alexandre; Cuttone, Giacomo; Dallier, Richard; Darras, Yara; De Benedittis, Antonio; de Jong, Maarten; de Jong, Paul; De Martino, Bianca; de Wolf, Els; Decoene, Valentin; Del Burgo, Riccardo; Del Rosso, Ilaria; Di Cerbo, Umberto Maria; Di Mauro, Letizia Stella; Di Palma, Irene; Diaz, Antonio; Diaz Martin, Cristian; Diego-Tortosa, Didac; Distefano, Carla; Domi, Alba; Donzaud, Corinne; Dornic, Damien; Doerr, Manuel; Drakopoulou, Evangelia; Drouhin, Doriane; Dvornicky, Rastislav; Eberl, Thomas; Eckerova, Eliska; Eddymaoui, Ahmed; Eff, Maximilian; El Bojaddaini, Imad; El Hedri, Sonia; Enzenhofer, Alexander; Ferrara, Giovanna; Filipovic, Miroslav; Filippini, Francesco; Franciotti, Dino; Fusco, Luigi Antonio; Gabella, Omar; Gabriel, Jean-Louis; Gagliardini, Silvia; Gal, Tamas; Garcia Mendez, Juan; Garcia Soto, Alfonso Andres; Oliver, Clara Gatius; Geielbrecht, Nicole; Ghaddari, Houria; Gialanella, Lucio; Gibson, Brad K; Giorgio, Emidio; Goos, Isabel; Goswami, Pranjupriya; Goupilliere, Damien; Rebecca Gozzini, Sara; Gracia, Rodrigo; Graf, Kay; Guidi, Carlo; Guillon, Benoit; Gutierrez, Miguel; Heijboer, Aart; Hekalo, Amar; Hennig, Lukas; Hernandez-Rey, Juan-Jose; Ibnsalih, Walid Idrissi; Illuminati, Giulia; Jansweijer, Peter; Jung, Bouke Jisse; Kalaczynski, Piotr; Kalekin, Oleg; Katz, Uli; Khatun, Amina; Kistauri, Giorgi; Kopper, Claudio; Kouchner, Antoine; Kueviakoe, Vincent; Kulikovskiy, Vladimir; Kvatadze, Ramaz; Labalme, Marc; Lahmann, Robert; Larosa, Giuseppina; Lastoria, Chiara; Lazo, Alfonso; Le Stum, Sebastien; Lehaut, Gregory; Leonora, Emanuele; Lessing, Nadja; Levi, Giuseppe; Clark, Miles Lindsey; Litrico, Pietro; Longhitano, Fabio; Manczak, Jerzy; Majumdar, Jhilik; Malerba, Leonardo; Mamedov, Fadahat; Manfreda, Alberto; Marconi, Martina; Margiotta, Annarita; Marinelli, Antonio; Markou, Christos; Martin, Lilian; Martinez-Mora, Juan Antonio; Marzaioli, Fabio; Mastrodicasa, Massimo; Mastroianni, Stefano; Micciche, Sandra; Miele, Gennaro; Migliozzi, Pasquale; Migneco, Emilio; Minutoli, Saverio; Mitsou, Maria Lucia; Mollo, Carlos Maximiliano; Gallegos, Lizeth Morales; Morga, Michele; Moussa, Abdelilah; Mateo, Ivan Mozun; Muller, Rasa; Musico, Paolo; Musone, Maria Rosaria; Musumeci, Mario; Navas, Sergio; Nayerhoda, Amid; Nicolau, Carlo Alessandro; Nkosi, Bhuti; Fearraigh, Brian O; Oliviero, Veronica; Orlando, Angelo; Oukacha, Enzo; Paesani, Daniele; Palacios Gonzalez, Juan; Papalashvili, Gogita; Parisi, Vittorio; Pastor, Emilio; Paun, Alice; Pavalas, Gabriela Emilia; Pellegrini, Giuliano; Martinez, Santiago Pena; Perrin-Terrin, Mathieu; Perronnel, Jerome; Pestel, Valentin; Pestes, Rebekah; Piattelli, Paolo; Poire, Chiara; Popa, Vlad; Pradier, Thierry; Prado, Jorge; Pulvirenti, Sara; Quemener, Gilles; Quiroz, Carlos; Rahaman, Ushak; Randazzo, Nunzio; Randriatoamanana, Richard; Razzaque, Soebur; Rea, Immacolata Carmen; Real, Diego; Riccobene, Giorgio; Robinson, Joshua; Romanov, Andrey; Saina, Adrian; Salesa Greus, Francisco; Samtleben, Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth; Sanchez Losa, Agustin; Sanfilippo, Simone; Sanguineti, Matteo; Santonastaso, Claudio; Santonocito, Domenico; Sapienza, Piera; Schmelling, Jan-Willem; Schnabel, Jutta; Schumann, Johannes; Schutte, Hester; Seneca, Jordan; Sennan, Nour-Eddine; Setter, Bastian; Sgura, Irene; Shanidze, Rezo; Sharma, Ankur; Shitov, Yury; Simkovic, Fedor; Simonelli, Andreino; Sinopoulou, Anna; Smirnov, Mikhail; Spisso, Bernardino; Spurio, Maurizio; Stavropoulos, Dimitris; Stekl, Ivan; Taiuti, Mauro; Tayalati, Yahya; Thiersen, Hannes; Tosta e Melo, Iara; Tragia, Efi; Trocme, Benjamin; Tsourapis, Vasileios; Tzamariudaki, Ekaterini; Vacheret, Antonin; Melchor, Angel Valer; Valsecchi, Veronica; van Beveren, Vincent; van Eeden, Thijs; van Eijk, Daan; Van Elewyck, Veronique; van Haren, Hans; Vannoye, Godefroy; Vasileiadis, George; De Sola, Francisco Vazquez; Verilhac, Cedric; Veutro, Alessandro; Viola, Salvatore; Vivolo, Daniele; Wilms, Joern; Yepes Ramirez, Harold; Zarpapis, Giorgos; Zavatarelli, Sandra; Zegarelli, Angela; Zito, Daniele; de Dios Zornoza, Juan; Zuniga, Juan; Zywucka, Natalia
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Abstract
The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module also includes calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout, and data acquisition. The power board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and ten prototypes were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began, resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced and deployed, which total 828 as of October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board, to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. The validation of a pre-production series has been completed, and a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation, and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests conducted to ensure safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea throughout the observatory's lifespan.
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Quality index
Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel
The work has been published in the journal Electronics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 115/250, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Computer Science, Information Systems. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Impact and social visibility
Leadership analysis of institutional authors
This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Australia; Czech Republic; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Italy; Morocco; Netherlands; Oman; Poland; Slovakia; South African Republic; United Kingdom.
