{rfName}
Mi

Indexed in

License and use

Icono OpenAccess

Citations

19

Altmetrics

Grant support

This work has been funded in part by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ through the I+D+i Project under Grant PID2020-119173RB-C21 and Grant PID2020-119173RB-C22, and by COLCIENCIAS in Colombia.

Analysis of institutional authors

Rubio, LCorresponding AuthorRodrigo Peñarrocha, Vicent MiquelAuthorCabedo-Fabrés, MAuthorBernardo-Clemente, BAuthorReig Pascual, Juan RiberaAuthorReig, JAuthor

Share

Publications
>
Article

Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurements and Path Loss Characterization in a Typical Indoor Office Environment

Publicated to:Electronics. 12 (4): 844- - 2023-02-01 12(4), DOI: 10.3390/electronics12040844

Authors: Rubio, Lorenzo; Penarrocha, Vicent M Rodrigo; Cabedo-Fabres, Marta; Bernardo-Clemente, Bernardo; Reig, Juan; Fernandez, Herman; Perez, Jesus R; Torres, Rafael P; Valle, Luis; Fernandez, Oscar

Affiliations

Univ Cantabria, Dept Ingn Comunicac - Author
Univ Pedag & Tecnol Colombia, Escuela Ingn Elect - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, iTEAM Res Inst - Author

Abstract

In this paper, a path loss characterization at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies is performed in a typical indoor office environment. Path loss results were derived from propagation channel measurements collected in the 25-40 GHz frequency band, in both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS (OLOS) propagation conditions. The channel measurements were performed using a frequency-domain channel sounder, which integrates an amplified radio over fiber (RoF) link to avoid the high losses at mmWave. The path loss was analyzed in the 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 33 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands through the close-in free space reference distance (CI) and the floating-intercept (FI) models. These models take into account the distance dependence of the path loss for a single frequency. Nevertheless, to jointly study the distance and frequency dependence of the path loss, multi-frequency models were considered. The parameters of the ABG (A-alpha, B-beta and G-gamma) and the close-in free space reference distance with frequency path loss exponent (CIF) models were derived from the channel measurements in the whole 25-40 GHz band under the minimum mean square error (MMSE) approach. The results show that, in general, there is some relationship between the model parameters and the frequency. Path loss exponent (PLE) values smaller than the theoretical free space propagation were obtained, showing that there are a waveguide effect and a constructive interference of multipath components (MPCs). Since the measurements were obtained in the same environment and with the same configuration and measurement setup, it is possible to establish realistic comparisons between the model parameters and the propagation behavior at the different frequencies considered. The results provided here allow us to have a better knowledge of the propagation at mmWave frequencies and may be of interest to other researchers in the simulation and performance evaluation of future wireless communication systems in indoor hotspot environments.

Keywords

5g6gChannel measurementsIndoor communicationsIndoor hotspotMillimeter-waveMmwavePath loss modelsPropagationWireless channels

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Electronics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 157/353, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Electrical & Electronic. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.4. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.62 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 5.84 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-28, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 7
  • Scopus: 12

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-28:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 7 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/203932

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Colombia.

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Rubio Arjona, Lorenzo) .

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Rubio Arjona, Lorenzo.