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This research was supported by the projects PID2021-126304OB-C41 and PID2021-128141OB-C22, funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by the European Regional Development Fund-A way of doing Europe. This study was also supported by the Generalitat Valenciana (CIPROM/2021/007). This research was supported by the CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red-(CB06/01/2012), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion. This study formed part of the Advanced Materials program (MFA/2022/053) and was supported by the MCIN, with funding from the European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by the Generalitat Valenciana. This study formed part of the AGROALNEXT program (AGROALNEXT/2022/032) and was supported by the MCIN, with funding from the European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by the Generalitat Valenciana. This study formed part of the THINKINAZUL program (THINKINAZUL/2021/004) and was supported by the MCIN, with funding from the European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by the Generalitat Valenciana. This research was also supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 814607 (SAFE-N-MEDTECH project). S.M. thanks the Generalitat Valenciana for her Grisolia fellowship (GRISOLIAP/2018/149). & Aacute;.M.-A. thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for her Ph.D. grant (DOCEMPR22). A.B. thanks the MCIN for her BG20/00020 contract and her PAID-PD-22 project funded by the UPV.

Analysis of institutional authors

Medaglia, SerenaAuthorMorella-Aucejo, ángelaAuthorSancenon, FelixAuthorVillaescusa, Luis AAuthorMartinez-Manez, RamonAuthorMarcos, M DoloresCorresponding AuthorBernardos, AndreaCorresponding Author

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Article

Antimicrobial Surfaces: Stainless Steel Functionalized with the Essential Oil Component Vanillin

Publicated to:International Journal Of Molecular Sciences. 25 (22): 12146- - 2024-11-01 25(22), DOI: 10.3390/ijms252212146

Authors: Medaglia, Serena; Morella-Aucejo, Angela; Ruiz-Rico, Maria; Sancenon, Felix; Villaescusa, Luis A; Martinez-Manez, Ramon; Marcos, M Dolores; Bernardos, Andrea

Affiliations

Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Invest Biomed Red Bioingn Biomat & Nanomed, Madrid 28029, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Ctr Invest Principe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV CIPF Invest Mecanismos Enfermedad, C Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, Valencia 46100, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Dept Quim, Camino Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Univ Ingn Alimentos FoodUPV, Camino Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Unidad Mixta Invest Nanomed & Sensores, Inst Invest Sanitaria La Fe, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Valencia 46026, Spain - Author
Univ Valencia, Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Interuniv Invest Reconocimiento Mol & Desarro, Camino Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Pathogenic microorganisms can adhere to solid surfaces, leading to the formation of biofilms, thus building a physical barrier hindering the penetration and diffusion of antimicrobial compounds. In this context, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, such as essential oil components, as substitutes for common synthetic antimicrobials in the fight to prevent antimicrobial resistance is explored. As stainless steel is one of the most widely used surfaces in different industries, we have developed an innovative antimicrobial treatment for stainless steel surfaces based on a multi-step functionalization process, in which the stainless steel surface is coated with a silica layer to which a vanillin derivative is covalently attached. The surface was analyzed by microscopy studies, indicating the correct immobilization on the surfaces. Antimicrobial studies (viability and bacterial adhesion assays) were performed against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections. The results of the microbiological studies showed that vanillin-functionalized stainless steel surfaces reduce the bacteria viability by 100% and the biofilm formation on the stainless steel surface by 75% compared with non-functionalized surfaces, highlighting the contact-killing and adhesion resistance properties of the developed surface. Additional cycles using the functionalized surfaces showed good maintenance of the antimicrobial coating efficacy. Moreover, the surfaces coated with an intermediate silica layer demonstrated much greater antimicrobial activity than surfaces in which the active molecule was directly functionalized on the stainless steel surface.

Keywords

Anti-bacterial agentsAnti-infective agentsAntibacterial surfacesAntimicrobial surfaceAspergillus-nigerBacteriBacterial adhesionBenzaldehydesBiofilBiofilmBiofilm resistanceBiofilmsChitosanCovalent immobilizationMechanismMicrobial sensitivity testsNosocomial infectionsOils, volatilePeptidesSilicaStainless steelStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus-epidermidisSurface propertiesVanillin

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Molecular Sciences due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 68/231, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Multidisciplinary.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2025-06-17:

  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 1

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-17:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 4 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Medaglia, Serena) and Last Author (Bernardos Bau, Andrea).

    the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been Marcos Martínez, María Dolores and Bernardos Bau, Andrea.