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Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Rodríguez-Navarro, PabloCorresponding AuthorGil-Piqueras, TeresaAuthor

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February 3, 2025
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Design and Construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao: Analysis of the Military Treatise and Layout Using Photogrammetry and GIS

Publicated to: Heritage. 8 (1): 1-19 - 2025-01-01 8(1), DOI: 10.3390/heritage8010023

Authors:

Celis-Estrada, Diego Javier; Rodríguez Navarro, Pablo; Gil Piqueras, Teresa
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Valencia, Res Ctr Architecture Heritage & Management Sustain, Camino Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author
Univ Privada Norte, Fac Architecture & Design, Res Grp GIADIPS, Av Retablo 570, Lima 15314, Peru - Author

Abstract

Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake and tidal wave devastated the port, leading to its relocation and the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao, the South Pacific's most significant fortification. The fortress was based on 18th century military conceptions adapted to the specific conditions of the coastal lands of the Peruvian Viceroyalty, such as the lack of stone, the use of adobe, and the frequent earthquakes. This research sought to identify the architectural theories influencing its design, the adaptations necessary for its coastal location, and the underlying mathematical and military concepts. Photogrammetry based techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) were used for georeferencing historical planimetry, along with the analysis of historical documents. This allowed us to reconstruct the original design and make evident how European ideas were adjusted to the particularities of the American territory, thus contributing to the improvement of knowledge about Spanish military architecture in America.
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Keywords

CallaoCultural heritagCultural heritageFortificationGeoreferencingLife below waterMilitary buildingSustainable cities and communitiesViceroyalty of perú

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Heritage due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Conservation. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-07:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 3 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 14 - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, ODS 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, with a probability of 46% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.
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    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Peru.

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Gil Piqueras, María Teresa).

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Rodríguez Navarro, Pablo.

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    Awards linked to the item

    This research was funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and by the R + D + i project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency/10.13039/501100011033.
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