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Ivorra-Martínez, JuanAuthorLascano, DiegoAuthor

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October 23, 2025
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Article

3D-printed mineral limestone structures for calcium looping thermochemical energy storage: reactivity and performance across cycles

Publicated to: Journal of Energy Storage. 138 118603- - 2025-01-01 138(), DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118603

Authors:

Ana Castro-Chincho; Juan Ivorra-Martinez; Antonio Perejón; Pedro E. Sanchez-Jimenez; Diego Lascano; Joaquín Ramírez-Rico; Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda
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Affiliations

Univ Politecn Valencia UPV, Inst Mat Technol ITM, Plaza Ferrandiz & Carbonell 1, Alicante 03801, Spain - Author
Univ Seville, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, Ave Reina Mercedes SN, Seville 41012, Spain - Author
Univ Seville, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Inorgan, Seville 41012, Spain - Author
Univ Seville, Inst Ciencia Mat Sevilla, CSIC, C Amer Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain - Author
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Abstract

This work presents a proof of concept for the use of 3D-printed CaCO3 structures, prepared from low-cost and widely available mineral limestone, as an innovative approach for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) via the calcium looping (CaL) process in a fixed-bed reactor. These structures offer significant advantages in terms of reaction efficiency, gas flow control, structural stability, and maintenance. These factors are critical for achieving uniform reaction surface distribution and effective thermal management. The 3D structures were fabricated by robocasting and subjected to various debinding and calcination conditions. They maintained their structural integrity and exhibited high reactivity over multiple carbonation-calcination cycles. Under scheme 1 conditions (calcinations in nitrogen), the printed structures retained a CaO conversion of 0.44 after 50 cycles, corresponding to an energy density of 1.39 MJ kg-1 CaO, outperforming the powdered sample, which reached a conversion of 0.32. Advanced characterization techniques, including thermography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray computed tomography, highlight the internal structural advantages of the 3D structures. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of 3D-printed CaCO3 structures as scalable and efficient TCES materials, offering a promising route toward improving the performance and practical deployment of solid-state thermochemical energy storage systems.
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Keywords

3d-printed structures3d-printed structures, calcium looping (cal), thermochemical energy storage (tces), robocastinglimestoneCalcium looping (cal)CeramicsCompositesConcentrated solar powerIntegrationLimestoneRobocastingThermochemical energy storage (tces)

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Journal of Energy Storage due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 26/182, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Energy & Fuels.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-03:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 7 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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    Awards linked to the item

    Financial support is acknowledged from grant TED2021-131839B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, and the grant PID2022-140815OB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF A way of making Europe. D.L. and J. I.-M. thank Generalitat Valenciana-GVA for funding their postdoc position through the CIAPOS program co-funded by ESF Investing in your future, grant numbers CIAPOS/2022/140 and CIAPOS/2023/362. Financial support provided by VII PPIT of the University of Seville for the use of the General Research Services (CITIUS) is acknowledged.
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