{rfName}
A

Indexed in

License and Use

Licencia Icono OpenAccess

Altmetrics

Analysis of institutional authors

Seoane, Pau AmaroCorresponding Author

Share

November 27, 2025
Publications
>
Article
Sí

A forest of gravitational waves in our Galactic Centre

Publicated to: JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS. (11): 015- - 2025-01-01 (11), DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/015

Authors:

Amaro-Seoane, Pau; Zhao, Shao-Dong
[+]

Affiliations

Higgs Ctr Theoret Phys, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland - Author
Lanzhou Univ, Inst Theoret Phys & Res Ctr Gravitat, Sch Phys Sci & Technol, 222 Tianshui S Rd, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China - Author
Lanzhou Univ, Lanzhou Ctr Theoret Phys,Gansu Prov Res Ctr Basic, Key Lab Quantum Theory & Applicat MoE, Key Lab Theoret Phys Gansu Prov, 222 Tianshui S Rd, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China - Author
Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, Garching, Germany - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Camino Vera S-N, E-46022 Valencia, Spain - Author
See more

Abstract

At the Galactic Centre, we can expect a population of a few tens of early extreme-mass ratio inspirals (E-EMRIs) and extremely large mass ratio inspirals (XMRIs). Depending on their evolutionary stage, they can be highly eccentric, with moderate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of tens or hundreds, or nearly circular, with SNRs as large as a few thousand. Their individual signals combine into a common signal, which can complicate the resolution of other types of sources. We have calculated the foreground signal of continuous E-EMRIs and XMRIs using a catalog based on the expected number of sources and a realistic phase-space distribution. The forest of E-EMRIs will cover a large portion of the LISA sensitivity curve, obscuring the signals of some massive black hole binaries, verification binaries, and harmonics of EMRIs in their polychromatic phase. The combined signal from XMRIs will be much weaker but still affect intermediate-mass black hole binaries. Due to the large SNR, this forest can be also found in other galactic nuclei, such as that of the Andromeda galaxy. Even under conservative assumptions, the forest created by E-EMRIs and XMRIs in our Galactic Centre will likely pose a challenge for resolving other types of sources, as their contribution is non-coherent and exhibits large SNRs.
[+]

Keywords

Astrophysical black holesGravitational waves / theoryGravitational waves in gr and beyond: theory, white and brown dwarfsGravitational waves in gr and beyond: theoryWhite and brown dwarfs

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 5/31, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Physics, Particles & Fields.

[+]

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-02:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 2 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
[+]

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: China; Germany; United Kingdom.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Amaro Seoane, Pau) and Last Author (Zhao, Shao-Dong).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Amaro Seoane, Pau.

[+]

Awards linked to the item

We thank Leor Barack, Neil Cornish and Scott Hughes for comments. This work has been partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2021YFC2203003 and No. 2023YFC2206701) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12247101) , the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. lzujbky-2024-jdzx06) , the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 22JR5RA389) and the "111 Center" under Grant No. B20063. The support provided by China Scholarship Council (CSC) during a visit of Shao-Dong Zhao to Valencia is acknowledged.
[+]