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Analysis of institutional authors

Ortega, BAuthor

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December 22, 2025
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Article

Centralized bidirectional heterogeneous fiber-FSO-mmWave-converged networks for 6G dense cellular network deployments

Publicated to: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. 17 (12): 1136-1147 - 2025-12-01 17(12), DOI: 10.1364/JOCN.571969

Authors:

Vallejo, Luis; Mora, Jose; Jin, Wei; Romero-Huedo, Jaime; Chen, Lin; Tang, Jianming; Ortega, Beatriz
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Affiliations

Bangor Univ, Sch Comp Sci & Engn, Digital Signal Proc Ctr Excellence - Author
Shanghai Univ Elect Power, Coll Elect & Informat Engn - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Telecomun & Aplicac Multimedia - Author
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Abstract

To address the unprecedented technical challenges arising from ultra-dense cellular network deployment for applications in densely populated urban areas envisioned for 6G, this paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a novel, to our knowledge, centralized bidirectional heterogeneous access network with advanced baseband unit (BBU) pooling and cost-effective remote radio head (RRH) designs free from both lasers and digital signal processing (DSP). The network supports flexible deployments of fiber, free space optical (FSO), and millimeter wave (mmWave) segments, thus ensuring ubiquitous network connectivity. More importantly, it also seamlessly converges various network segments (fiber, FSO, and mmWave) and enables their uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) signals to concurrently and continuously flow between the BBU and user equipment (UE) without requiring optical-electrical/electrical-optical conversions and/or DSPs at any intermediate nodes. In the proposed network, DL mmWave signals are generated and detected using a free-running laser and a passive envelope detection. For the UL case, conventional electrical local oscillators and mixers are used for mmWave up-conversion and down-conversion. The performances of the proposed networks, including UL/DL channel interferences and achievable throughputs, are experimentally evaluated over a fiber-FSO-mmWave setup with 10 km fiber, 1.8 m FSO, and 3 m mmWave links (39 GHz/0.4 Gbit/s for DL, 36.5 GHz/0.2 Gbit/s for UL). The experimental results show robust bidirectional transmissions with negligible UL/DL interferences and minimal impacts from Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattering. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
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Keywords

Generation

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Journal of Optical Communications and Networking due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 12/60, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 2.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 2 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: China; United Kingdom.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Ortega Tamarit, Beatriz).

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