{rfName}
Hy

Indexed in

Altmetrics

Analysis of institutional authors

Andres, BeatrizAuthorPoler, RaulAuthor

Share

March 25, 2026
Publications
>
Article
No

Hybrid MILP-deep reinforcement learning approach for reusable container flows in the automotive industry

Publicated to: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION ECONOMICS. 295 109927- - 2026-05-01 295(), DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2026.109927

Authors:

Guzman, Eduardo; Andres, Beatriz; Poler, Raul
[+]

Affiliations

Autonomous Univ Madrid, Fac Econ & Business Adm, Business Org Dept, Madrid 28049, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Valencia, Escuela Politecn Super Alcoy, Res Ctr Prod Management & Engn CIGIP, Alcoy, Spain - Author

Abstract

The management of Returnable Transport Items (RTIs), also called Reusable Transit Packaging (RTP), within automotive Just-in-Time (JIT) supply chains presents significant operational and strategic challenges, particularly for second-tier suppliers who face high demand volatility and limited control over RTI availability. Inefficient RTI flows lead to increased costs, service failures, and adverse environmental impacts. This paper addresses the complex problem of optimizing production scheduling and reusable container logistics for a second-tier plastic injection supplier by proposing a novel hybrid approach that integrates Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The MILP component models detail operational decisions, including production sequencing with mold changeovers, inventory management for parts and containers (both reusable and disposable), and explicit transshipment operations, aiming to minimize total systemic costs including an environmental penalty for CO2 emissions. The DRL agent learns an adaptive policy to strategically determine the optimal initial inventory of empty reusable containers at the beginning of each planning cycle, dynamically informing the MILP model. Comprehensive computational experiments on a variety of synthetically generated instances, characterized by diverse demand patterns (Stable, Peaks, Volatile), demonstrate the proposed hybrid approach's effectiveness. Results indicate that the MILP-DRL approach achieves competitive total system costs and significantly reduces service level failures, while effectively navigating the trade-offs between operational costs, backorders, transshipments, and CO2 emissions. The study provides valuable insights into the benefits of adaptive, learning-based strategies for RTI management and offers practical guidance for second-tier suppliers striving to enhance efficiency and sustainability in demanding JIT environments.
[+]

Keywords

Circular economyClosed-loop supply chainDeep reinforcement learningManagementMixed-integer linear programmingModelProduction schedulingReturnable transport itemsReusable transit packagingStrategiesTransportation

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION ECONOMICS due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2026, it was in position 5/106, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Operations Research & Management Science. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

[+]

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-06:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 8 (PlumX).
[+]

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Poler Escoto, Raúl).

[+]

Awards linked to the item

This work was supported by the Comunidad de Madrid through the project "Gestion Integral de Materiales y Residuos en la Industria de la Construccion: Fomentando la Economia Circular mediante la Adopcion de Inteligencia Artificial y Sistemas Inteligentes" (grant SI4/PJI/2024-00211) , a direct grant aimed at fostering research and technology transfer at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Additional funding was provided by the European Union's Horizon Europe programme under Grant Agreement No. 101147855 (DATAWiSE-Intelligent and Sustainable Building Management powered by Cross-Sectoral Lifecycle Data) and Grant Agreement No. 101177368 (Maa SAI-Agile Manufacturing as a Service through AI Autonomous Agents) .
[+]