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Grant support

The NANOGrav collaboration receives support from National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontiers Center award Nos. 1430284 and 2020265, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, NSF AccelNet award No. 2114721, an NSERC Discovery Grant, and CIFAR. The Arecibo Observatory is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement (AST-1744119) by the University of Central Florida (UCF) in alliance with Universidad Ana G. Mendez (UAGM) and Yang Enterprises (YEI), Inc. The Green Bank Observatory is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. L.B. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under award AST-1909933 and from the Research Corporation for Science Advancement under Cottrell Scholar Award No. 27553. P.R.B. is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant No. ST/W000946/1. S.B. gratefully acknowledges the support of a Sloan Fellowship, and the support of NSF under award No. 1815664. The work of R.C., N.La., X.S., and J.T. is partly supported by the George and Hannah Bolinger Memorial Fund in the College of Science at Oregon State University. M.C., P.P., and S.R.T. acknowledge support from NSF AST-2007993. M.C. and N.S.P. were supported by the Vanderbilt Initiative in Data Intensive Astrophysics (VIDA) Fellowship. Support for this work was provided by the NSF through the Grote Reber Fellowship Program administered by Associated Universities, Inc./National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Support for H.T.C. is provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship Program grant No. HST-HF2-51453.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. K.C. is supported by a UBC Four Year Fellowship (6456). M.E.D. acknowledges support from the Naval Research Laboratory by NASA under contract S-15633Y. T.D. and M.T.L. are supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Grant (AAG) award No. 2009468. E.C.F. is supported by NASA under award No. 80GSFC21M0002. G.E.F., S.C.S., and S.J.V. are supported by NSF award PHY-2011772. The Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation. S.H. is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1745301. A.D.J. and M.V. acknowledge support from the Caltech and Jet Propulsion Laboratory President's and Director's Research and Development Fund. A.D.J. acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. N.La. acknowledges the support from Larry W. Martin and Joyce B. O'Neill Endowed Fellowship in the College of Science at Oregon State University. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). D.R.L. and M.A.M. are supported by NSF No. 1458952. M.A.M. is supported by NSF No. 2009425. C.M.F.M. was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. NSF PHY-1748958 and AST-2106552. A.Mi. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC 2121 Quantum Universe-390833306. The Dunlap Institute is funded by an endowment established by the David Dunlap family and the University of Toronto. K.D.O. was supported in part by NSF grant No. 2207267. K.D.O. acknowledges the Tufts University High Performance Compute Cluster (https://it.tufts.edu/high-performance-computing), which was utilized for some of the research reported in this paper. T.T.P. acknowledges support from the Extragalactic Astrophysics Research Group at Eoetvoes Lorand University, funded by the Eoetvoes Lorand Research Network (ELKH), which was used during the development of this research. S.M.R. and I.H.S. are CIFAR Fellows. Portions of this work performed at NRL were supported by ONR 6.1 basic research funding. J.D.R. also acknowledges support from start-up funds from Texas Tech University. J.S. is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-2202388, and acknowledges previous support by the NSF under award 1847938. S.R.T. acknowledges support from an NSF CAREER award No. 2146016. C.U. acknowledges support from BGU (Kreitman fellowship), and the Council for Higher Education and Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Excellence fellowship). C.A.W. acknowledges support from CIERA, the Adler Planetarium, and the Brinson Foundation through a CIERA-Adler postdoctoral fellowship. O.Y. is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-2139292. This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education (ACCRE) at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.& nbsp;

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Gentile, Peter AAutor o Coautor

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6 de junio de 2025
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Artículo

The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Bayesian Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Publicado en:Astrophysical Journal Letters. 951 (2): L50- - 2023-07-01 951(2), DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace18a

Autores: Agazie, Gabriella; Anumarlapudi, Akash; Archibald, Anne M; Arzoumanian, Zaven; Baker, Paul T; Becsy, Bence; Blecha, Laura; Brazier, Adam; Brook, Paul R; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Case, Robin; Casey-Clyde, J Andrew; Charisi, Maria; Chatterjee, Shami; Cohen, Tyler; Cordes, James M; Cornish, Neil J; Crawford, Fronefield; Cromartie, H Thankful; Crowter, Kathryn; DeCesar, Megan E; Demorest, Paul B; Digman, Matthew C; Drachler, Brendan; Ferrara, Elizabeth C; Fiore, William; Fonseca, Emmanuel; Freedman, Gabriel E; Garver-Daniels, Nate; Gentile, Peter A; Glaser, Joseph; Good, Deborah C; Gueltekin, Kayhan; Hazboun, Jeffrey S; Hourihane, Sophie; Jennings, Ross J; Johnson, Aaron D; Jones, Megan L; Kaiser, Andrew R; Kaplan, David L; Kelley, Luke Zoltan; Kerr, Matthew; Key, Joey S; Laal, Nima; Lam, Michael T; Lamb, William G; Lazio, T Joseph W; Lewandowska, Natalia; Liu, Tingting; Lorimer, Duncan R; Luo, Jing; Lynch, Ryan S; Ma, Chung-Pei; Madison, Dustin R; McEwen, Alexander; McKee, James W; McLaughlin, Maura; McMann, Natasha; Meyers, Bradley W; Meyers, Patrick M; Mingarelli, Chiara M F; Mitridate, Andrea; Ng, Cherry; Nice, David J; Ocker, Stella Koch; Olum, Ken D; Pennucci, Timothy T; Perera, Benetge B P; Petrov, Polina; Pol, Nihan S; Radovan, Henri A; Ransom, Scott M; Ray, Paul S; Romano, Joseph D; Sardesai, Shashwat C; Schmiedekamp, Ann; Schmiedekamp, Carl; Schmitz, Kai; Shapiro-Albert, Brent J; Siemens, Xavier; Simon, Joseph; Siwek, Magdalena S; Stairs, Ingrid H; Stinebring, Daniel R; Stovall, Kevin; Susobhanan, Abhimanyu; Swiggum, Joseph K; Taylor, Jacob; Taylor, Stephen R; Turner, Jacob E; Unal, Caner; Vallisneri, Michele; van Haasteren, Rutger; Vigeland, Sarah J; Wahl, Haley M; Witt, Caitlin A; Young, Olivia

Afiliaciones

Adler Planetarium, 1300 S DuSable Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA - Autor o Coautor
Arecibo Observ, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA - Autor o Coautor
Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel - Autor o Coautor
Bogazici Univ, Feza Gursey Inst, TR-34684 Istanbul, Turkiye - Autor o Coautor
CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA - Autor o Coautor
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA - Autor o Coautor
Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Adv Comp, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA - Autor o Coautor
Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA - Autor o Coautor
Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA - Autor o Coautor
Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia - Autor o Coautor
Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany - Autor o Coautor
Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, Pazmany Ps 1-A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary - Autor o Coautor
Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 5th Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA - Autor o Coautor
Franklin Marshall Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA - Autor o Coautor
George Mason Univ, Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA - Autor o Coautor
Giant Army, 915A 17th Ave, Seattle, WA 98122 USA - Autor o Coautor
Green Bank Observ, POB 2, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA - Autor o Coautor
Harvard Univ, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA - Autor o Coautor
Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA - Autor o Coautor
Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys Albert Einstein Ins, Callinstr 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany - Autor o Coautor
Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA - Autor o Coautor
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA - Autor o Coautor
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, XRay Astrophys Lab, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA - Autor o Coautor
NASA GSFC, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA - Autor o Coautor
Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1003 Lopezville Rd, Socorro, NM 87801 USA - Autor o Coautor
Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA - Autor o Coautor
Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA - Autor o Coautor
New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USA - Autor o Coautor
Newcastle Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England - Autor o Coautor
Northwestern Univ, Ctr Interdisciplinary Explorat & Res Astrophys CI, Evanston, IL 60208 USA - Autor o Coautor
Oberlin Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA - Autor o Coautor
Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA - Autor o Coautor
Penn State Abington, Dept Phys, Abington, PA 19001 USA - Autor o Coautor
Rochester Inst Technol, Lab Multiwavelength Astrophys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA - Autor o Coautor
Rochester Inst Technol, Sch Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14623 USA - Autor o Coautor
SUNY Coll Oswego, Dept Phys, Oswego, NY 13126 USA - Autor o Coautor
Texas Tech Univ, Dept Phys, Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA - Autor o Coautor
Tufts Univ, Inst Cosmol, Dept Phys & Astron, Medford, MA 02155 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Birmingham, Inst Gravitat Wave Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England - Autor o Coautor
Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England - Autor o Coautor
Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T IZ1, Canada - Autor o Coautor
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 501 Campbell Hall 3411, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, 196 Auditorium Rd,U-304, Storrs, CT USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Florida, Phys Dept, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Hull, Ctr Excellence Data Sci Artificial Intelligence &, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England - Autor o Coautor
Univ Hull, EA Milne Ctr Astrophys, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England - Autor o Coautor
Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Michigan, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Munster, Inst Theoret Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany - Autor o Coautor
Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Toronto, Dept Astron Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada - Autor o Coautor
Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada - Autor o Coautor
Univ Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA - Autor o Coautor
Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Ctr Gravitat Cosmol & Astrophys, Dept Phys, POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA - Autor o Coautor
UnivPacific, Dept Phys, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211 USA - Autor o Coautor
Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 2301 Vanderbilt Pl, Nashville, TN 37235 USA - Autor o Coautor
West Virginia Univ, Ctr Gravitat Waves & Cosmol, Chestnut Ridge Res Bldg, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA - Autor o Coautor
West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA - Autor o Coautor
Widener Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 1 Univ Pl, Chester, PA 19013 USA - Autor o Coautor
Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA - Autor o Coautor
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Resumen

Evidence for a low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background has recently been reported based on analyses of pulsar timing array data. The most likely source of such a background is a population of supermassive black hole binaries, the loudest of which may be individually detected in these data sets. Here we present the search for individual supermassive black hole binaries in the NANOGrav 15 yr data set. We introduce several new techniques, which enhance the efficiency and modeling accuracy of the analysis. The search uncovered weak evidence for two candidate signals, one with a gravitational-wave frequency of & SIM;4 nHz, and another at & SIM;170 nHz. The significance of the low-frequency candidate was greatly diminished when Hellings-Downs correlations were included in the background model. The high-frequency candidate was discounted due to the lack of a plausible host galaxy, the unlikely astrophysical prior odds of finding such a source, and since most of its support comes from a single pulsar with a commensurate binary period. Finding no compelling evidence for signals from individual binary systems, we place upper limits on the strain amplitude of gravitational waves emitted by such systems. At our most sensitive frequency of 6 nHz, we place a sky-averaged 95% upper limit of 8 x 10(-15) on the strain amplitude. We also calculate an exclusion volume and a corresponding effective radius, within which we can rule out the presence of black hole binaries emitting at a given frequency.

Palabras clave

AstrometryCataloConstraintsData releaseDistancesParallaxProper motionPulsar timing arraySearchVariable quasars

Indicios de calidad

Impacto bibliométrico. Análisis de la aportación y canal de difusión

El trabajo ha sido publicado en la revista Astrophysical Journal Letters debido a la progresión y el buen impacto que ha alcanzado en los últimos años, según la agencia WoS (JCR), se ha convertido en una referencia en su campo. En el año de publicación del trabajo, 2023, se encontraba en la posición 9/84, consiguiendo con ello situarse como revista Q1 (Primer Cuartil), en la categoría Astronomy & Astrophysics. Destacable, igualmente, el hecho de que la Revista está posicionada por encima del Percentil 90.

Desde una perspectiva relativa, y atendiendo al indicador del impacto normalizado calculado a partir de las Citas Mundiales proporcionadas por WoS (ESI, Clarivate), arroja un valor para la normalización de citas relativas a la tasa de citación esperada de: 12.5. Esto indica que, de manera comparada con trabajos en la misma disciplina y en el mismo año de publicación, lo ubica como trabajo citado por encima de la media. (fuente consultada: ESI 14 Nov 2024)

Esta información viene reforzada por otros indicadores del mismo tipo, que aunque dinámicos en el tiempo y dependientes del conjunto de citaciones medias mundiales en el momento de su cálculo, coinciden en posicionar en algún momento al trabajo, entre el 50% más citados dentro de su temática:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) de la fuente Dimensions: 55.49 (fuente consultada: Dimensions Jul 2025)

De manera concreta y atendiendo a las diferentes agencias de indexación, el trabajo ha acumulado, hasta la fecha 2025-07-03, el siguiente número de citas:

  • WoS: 82

Impacto y visibilidad social

Desde la dimensión de Influencia o adopción social, y tomando como base las métricas asociadas a las menciones e interacciones proporcionadas por agencias especializadas en el cálculo de las denominadas “Métricas Alternativas o Sociales”, podemos destacar a fecha 2025-07-03:

  • El uso, desde el ámbito académico evidenciado por el indicador de la agencia Altmetric referido como agregaciones realizadas por el gestor bibliográfico personal Mendeley, nos da un total de: 34.
  • La utilización de esta aportación en marcadores, bifurcaciones de código, añadidos a listas de favoritos para una lectura recurrente, así como visualizaciones generales, indica que alguien está usando la publicación como base de su trabajo actual. Esto puede ser un indicador destacado de futuras citas más formales y académicas. Tal afirmación es avalada por el resultado del indicador “Capture” que arroja un total de: 34 (PlumX).

Con una intencionalidad más de divulgación y orientada a audiencias más generales podemos observar otras puntuaciones más globales como:

  • El Score total de Altmetric: 157.35.
  • El número de menciones en la red social X (antes Twitter): 42 (Altmetric).
  • El número de menciones en medios de comunicación: 16 (Altmetric).

Es fundamental presentar evidencias que respalden la plena alineación con los principios y directrices institucionales en torno a la Ciencia Abierta y la Conservación y Difusión del Patrimonio Intelectual. Un claro ejemplo de ello es:

  • El trabajo se ha enviado a una revista cuya política editorial permite la publicación en abierto Open Access.

Análisis de liderazgo de los autores institucionales

Este trabajo se ha realizado con colaboración internacional, concretamente con investigadores de: Australia; Canada; Germany; Hungary; Israel; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States of America.