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October 14, 2024
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Bases for pesticide dose expression and adjustment in 3D crops and comparison of decision support systems

Publicated to: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 806 (Pt 1): 150357- - 2022-02-01 806(Pt 1), DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150357

Authors:

Planas, Santiago; Roman, Carla; Sanz, Ricardo; Rosell-Polo, Joan Ramon
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Affiliations

Univ Lleida, Agrotecnio CERCA Ctr, Dept Agr & Forest Engn, Res Grp AgroICT & Precis Agr, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain - Author
Univ Lleida, Agrotecnio CERCA Ctr, Res Grp Integrated Pest Management, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain - Author

Abstract

Authorities around the world have committed to limiting the use of chemical pesticides by reducing doses, among other strategies. Nevertheless, different dose expression models and decision support systems (DSSs) for dose adjustment coexist for high growing crops (3D crops). Among them, leaf wall area (LWA) and tree row volume (TRV) models have recently been proposed by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) for pre-registration trials. In this paper, the background and technical bases of six dose adjustment DSSs in fruit crops (PACE, AGMET, DOSA3D, OMAX and PULVARBO) and four in grape orchards (AGMET, OPTIDOSE, DOSAVINA and DOSA3D) are described and compared. The discussion leads to the conclusion that LWA and TRV represents a substantial improvement compared to the former crop ground area-based dose expression model. However, total leaf area is the most important parameter for dose adjustment, while sprayer efficiency is also a key factor. Additionally, it is suggested that deposition on leaves (mean values and variability) should be reported in pesticide efficacy evaluations in order to establish the required doses independently from the dose expression mode. The DOSA3D system, based on leaf area index estimation, was found to be the most conservative DSS regarding the spraying volume ratio to TRV because low spraying efficiencies are considered. Instead, AGMET was found to be the most effective for dose adjustment. However, despite the differences between the recommendations, all the analysed DSSs are useful tools for rational decision making about spraying volume rate and pesticide doses at national level. Their use should be promoted by the competent authorities. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Keywords

AgricultureApple-treesCalifornia red scaleCanopyCrops, agriculturalFruit orchardsLaiLeaf depositionLeaf-area indexLidaLiquid-volumeOptimal volume ratePesticidesPlant leavesPlant-protection productsPrecision crop protectionSpray depositionTunnel sprayerVineyardsVitisWall cropWall crops

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 26/275, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Environmental Sciences. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.01. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-02, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 12
  • Scopus: 15
  • Europe PMC: 1
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-02:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 48.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 47 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 7.
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 1 (Altmetric).
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Awards linked to the item

This study was financed by the EU Horizon 2020 project EUCLID [grant number 633999], the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness project AgVance [AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R] and the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food project GOPHYTOVID [contract 2018002001192] . We are also grateful for funding by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya under Grant 2017 SGR 646.
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