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Authors L.M.P and I.G.G. are grateful to Generalitat Valenciana, NextGenerationEU, and Plan de recuperacion transformacion y resiliencia (Gobierno de Espana) for the INVESTIGO 2022 grant (INVEST/2022/4).

Analysis of institutional authors

Martin-Perez, LaiaAuthorGil-Guillén, IreneAuthorGonzalez-Martinez, CheloAuthorChiralt, AmparoAuthor
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Article

Subcritical Water Extraction for Valorisation of Almond Skin from Almond Industrial Processing

Publicated to:Foods. 12 (20): 3759- - 2023-10-01 12(20), DOI: 10.3390/foods12203759

Authors: Freitas, Pedro A V; Martin-Perez, Laia; Gil-Guillen, Irene; Gonzalez-Martinez, Chelo; Chiralt, Amparo

Affiliations

Univ Poltecn Valencia, Inst Food Engn FoodUPV, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author

Abstract

Almond skin (AS) is an agro-industrial residue from almond processing that has a high potential for valorisation. In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was applied at two temperatures (160 and 180 degrees C) to obtain phenolic-rich extracts (water-soluble fraction) and cellulose fibres (insoluble fraction) from AS. The extraction conditions affected the composition and properties of both valorised fractions. The dry extracts obtained at 180 degrees C were richer in phenolics (161 vs. 101 mg GAE. g-1 defatted almond skin (DAS)), with greater antioxidant potential (1.063 vs. 1.490 mg DAS.mg-1 DPPH) and showed greater antibacterial effect (lower MIC values) against L. innocua (34 vs. 90 mg center dot mL-1) and E. coli (48 vs. 90 mg center dot mL-1) than those obtained at 160 degrees C, despite the lower total solid yield (21 vs. 29%) obtained in the SWE process. The purification of cellulose from the SWE residues, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), revealed that AS is not a good source of cellulose material since the bleached fractions showed low yields (20-21%) and low cellulose purity (40-50%), even after four bleaching cycles (1 h) at pH 12 and 8% H2O2. Nevertheless, the application of a green, scalable, and toxic solvent-free SWE process was highly useful for obtaining AS bioactive extracts for different food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords
Active compoundsBioactive propertieBioactive propertiesBleaching optimisationBy-productsCellulose fibresCellulose nanocrystalsFractionatioHemicellulosesHydrogen-peroxideIntegral fractionationKraft pulpPhenolic compoundsPhenolic-compoundsPolyphenolsPrunus-amygdalusRice husks

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Foods due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 38/173, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Food Science & Technology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.53, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Apr 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-04-24, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 5
  • Scopus: 5
  • Europe PMC: 3
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-04-24:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 25 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Freitas, Pedro A V) and Last Author (Chiralt Boix, Mª Amparo).

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Freitas, Pedro A V.