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This research was funded by Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana, grant number AICO/2021/137, project AGROALNEXT/2022/001, and from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/through project PID2020-115973RB-C22 and the FPI PhD contract granted by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia subprogram 1 (PAID 01 21) .

Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Analysis of institutional authors

Molina-Montero, CarmenAuthorIgual, MartaAuthorMartinez-Monzo, JavierAuthorGarcia-Segovia, PurificacionCorresponding Author

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June 19, 2025
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Gender stereotypes and perceptions of age in food: A comparative analysis between Spain and Ecuador using the product personality profile technique

Publicated to:International Journal Of Gastronomy And Food Science. 41 101213- - 2025-09-01 41(), DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2025.101213

Authors: Molina-Montero, Carmen; Igual, Marta; Martinez-Monzo, Javier; Garcia-Segovia, Purificacion

Affiliations

Univ Politecn Valencia, i Food Grp, IIA FoodUPV, Camino Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain - Author

Abstract

Eating behavior possesses significant symbolic and social dimensions, reflecting individual identity and influencing social interactions. The study examines the prevalence of gender stereotypes and ageism within consumer perceptions across two distinct cultural contexts: Spain and Ecuador. A projective technique based on the Product Personality Profile (PPP) was used. The findings revealed statistically significant associations related to gender and age across food samples. In the Spanish context, the Fruit Bowl (FB), Caprese Salad (CS), and Iron (I) were predominantly aligned with feminine attributes. In contrast, Cold Meat (CM) and Meat with Vegetables (MV) were traditionally associated with masculinity. In Ecuador, gender associations exhibited some similarities, with minimal representation of non-binary identities. Age-related analysis indicated that, in Spain, food items such as the FB and W were frequently associated with middle-aged (18-44), while CM and MV were linked to older people. Ecuadorian participants primarily associated all food types with the middle-aged group (18-44). Factor Correspondence Analysis (FCA) supports gendered food stereotypes: vegetables, fruits, and sweets were linked with femininity, while meat was linked to masculinity. These findings align with past research highlighting culturally reinforced food gender stereotypes. These findings contribute to understanding how food perceptions reflect social norms and transformations in multicultural settings.

Keywords

Aging food perceptionsBranChoiceCross-cultural analysisFood stereotypesGender behaviorGender equalityPortion sizeProjective techniqueWomen

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Gastronomy And Food Science due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category . Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-05:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 1 (PlumX).
Continuing with the social impact of the work, it is important to emphasize that, due to its content, it can be assigned to the area of interest of ODS 5 - Gender Equality, with a probability of 63% according to the mBERT algorithm developed by Aurora University.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Molina Montero, María del Carmen) and Last Author (García Segovia, Purificación).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been García Segovia, Purificación.